INTRODUCTION 1
The Pascal Language 1
TURBO Pascal 1
Structure of This Manual 2
Typography 4
Syntax Descriptions 4
Chapter 1 USING THE TURBO SYSTEM 7
COM and CMD files 7
BEFORE USE 7
IMPORTANT NOTE!!! 7
Files On The Distribution Disk 8
Starting TURBO Pascal 10
Installation 12
IBM PC Screen Installation 12
Non-IBM PC Screen Installation 12
Installation of Editing Commands 13
The Menu 14
Logged Drive Selection 15
Work File Selection 15
Main File Selection 16
Edit Command 17
Compile Command 17
Run Command 17
Save Command 17
Directory Command 18
Quit Command 18
compiler Options 18
The TURBO Editor 19
The Status Line 19
Editing Commands 20
A Note on Control Characters 22
Before You Start: How To Get Out 22
Basic Movement Commands 22
Extended Movement Commands 25
Insert and Delete Commands 26
Block Commands 28
Miscellaneous Editing Commands 30
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | i |
The TURBO editor vs WordStar 34
Cursor Movement 34
Mark Single Word 34
End Edit 35
Line Restore 35
Tabulator 35
Auto Indentation 35
Chapter 2 BASIC LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 37
Basic Symbols 37
Reserved Words 37
Standard Identifiers 38
Delimiters 39
Program Lines 39
Chapter 3 STANDARD SCALAR TYPES 41
Integer 41
Byte 41
Real 42
Boolean 42
Char 42
Chapter 4 USER DEFINED LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 43
Identifiers 43
Numbers 43
Strings 44
Control Characters 45
Comments 46
Compiler Directives 46
Chapter 5 PROGRAM HEADING AND PROGRAM BLOCK 47
Program Heading 47
Declaration Part 47
Label Declaration Part 48
Constant Definition Part 48
Type Definition Part 49
Variable Declaration Part 49
Procedure and Function Declaration Part 50
Statement Part 50
| ii | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Chapter 6 EXPRESSIONS 51
Operators 51
Unary Minus 51
Not Operator 52
Multiplying Operators 52
Adding Operators 53
Relational Operators 53
Function Designators 54
Chapter 7 STATEMENTS 55
Simple Statements 55
Assignment Statement 55
Procedure Statement 56
Goto Statement 56
Empty Statement 56
Structured Statements 57
Compound Statement 57
Conditional Statements 57
If Statement 57
Case Statement 58
Repetitive Statements 59
For Statement 60
While statement 61
Repeat Statement 61
Chapter 8 SCALAR AND SUBRANGE TYPES 63
Scalar Type 63
Subrange Type 64
Type Conversion 65
Range Checking 65
Chapter 9 STRING TYPE 67
String Type Definition 67
String Expressions 67
String Assignment 68
String Procedures 69
Delete 69
Insert 69
Str 70
Val 70
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | iii |
String Functions 71
Copy 71
Concat 71
Length 72
Pos 72
Strings and Characters 73
Chapter 10 ARRAY TYPE 75
Array Definition 75
Multidimensional Arrays 76
Character Arrays 77
Predefined Arrays 77
Chapter 11 RECORD TYPE 79
Record Definition 79
With Statement 81
Variant Records 82
Chapter 12 SET TYPE 85
Set Type Definition 85
Set Expressions 86
Set Constructors 86
Set Operators 87
Set Assignments 88
Chapter 13 TYPED CONSTANTS 89
Unstructured Typed Constants 89
Structured Typed Constants 90
Array Constants 90
Multi-dimensional Array Constants 91
Record Constants 91
Set Constants 92
Chapter 14 FILE TYPES 93
File Type Definition 93
Operations on Files 94
Assign 94
Rewrite 94
Reset 94
Read 95
Write 95
Seek 95
Flush 96
Close 96
| iv | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Erase 96
Rename 96
File Standard Functions 97
EOF 97
FilePos 97
FileSize 98
Using Files 98
Text Files 101
Operations on Text Files 101
ReadLn 101
WriteLn 101
Eoln 102
SeekEoln 102
SeekEof 102
Logical Devices 104
Standard Files 105
Text Input and Output 108
Read Procedure 108
Readln Procedure 110
Write Procedure 111
Write Parameters 112
Writeln Procedure 113
Untyped Files 114
BlockRead / BlockWrite 114
I/0 checking 116
Chapter 15 POINTER TYPES 119
Defining a Pointer Variable 119
Allocating Variables (New) 120
Mark and Release 120
Using Pointers 122
Dispose 124
GetMem 125
FreeMem 125
MaxAvail 126
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | v |
Chapter 16 PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS 127
Parameters 127
Relaxations on Parameter Type Checking 129
Untyped Variable Parameteis 130
Procedures 131
Procedure Declaration 131
Standard Procedures 133
ClrEol 133
ClrScr 133
Crtlnit 133
CrtExit 134
Delay 134
DeILine 134
InsLine 134
GotoXY 134
Exit 135
Halt 135
LowVideo 135
NormVideo 135
Randomize 135
Move 136
FillChar 136
Functions 137
Function Declaration 137
Standard Functions 139
Arithmetic Functions 139
Abs 139
ArcTan 139
Cos 139
Exp 140
Frac 140
Int 140
Ln 140
Sin 140
Sqr 141
Sqrt 141
Scalar Functions 141
Pred 141
Succ 141
Odd 141
| vi | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Transfer Functions 142
Chr 142
Ord 142
Round 142
Trunc 142
Miscellaneous Standard Functions 143
Hi 143
KeyPressed 143
Lo 143
Random 143
Random(Num) 143
SizeOf 144
Swap 144
UpCase 144
Forward References 145
Chapter 17 INCLUDING FILES 147
Chapter 18 OVERLAY SYSTEM 149
Creating Overlays 152
Nested Overlays 154
Automatic Overlay Management 155
Placing Overlay Files 155
Efficient Use of Overlays 155
Restrictions Imposed on Overlays 156
Data Area 156
Forward Declarations 156
Recursion 156
Run-Time Errors , 156
Chapter 19 IBM PC GOODIES 159
Screen Mode Control 160
Text Modes 160
Color Modes 161
TextColor 161
TextBackground 162
Cursor Position 162
WhereX 162
WhereY 162
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | vii |
Graphics Modes 163
GraphColorMode 163
GraphMode 164
HiRes 164
HiResColor 164
Palette 165
GraphBackground 166
Windows 168
Text Windows 168
Graphics Windows 169
Basic Graphics 171
Plot 171
Draw 171
Extended Graphics 172
Color Table 172
Arc 173
Circle 173
GetPic 173
PutPic 174
GetDotColor 174
FillScreen 175
FillShape Procedure 175
FillPattern 175
Pattern 176
Turtlegraphics 177
Back 178
ClearScreen 179
Forward 179
Heading 179
Hide Turtle 179
Home 179
NoWrap 180
PenDown 180
PenUp 180
SetHeading 180
SetPenColor 181
SetPosition 181
Show Turtle 181
TurnLeft 181
TumRight 181
TurtleWindow 182
TurtleThere 183
TurtleDelay 183
Wrap " 184
Xcor 184
| viii | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Ycor 184
Sound 185
Editor Command Keys 186
Chapter 20 PC-DOS AND MS-DOS 187
Tree-Structured Directories 187
On the Main Menu 187
Directory-related procedures 189
ChDir 189
MkDir 189
RmDir 189
GetDtr 189
Compiler Options 190
Memory / Com file / cHn-file 190
Minimum Code Segment Size 191
Minimum Data Segment Size 191
Minimum Free Dynamic Memory 192
Maximum Free Dynamic Memory 192
Command Line Parameter 192
Find Run-time Error 192
Standard Identifiers 193
Chain and Execute 193
Overlays 196
OvrPath Procedure 196
Files 198
File Names 198
Number of Open Files 198
Extended File Size 199
File of Byte 199
Flush Procedure 199
Truncate Procedure 199
Text Files 200
Buffer Size 200
Append Procedure 200
Flush Procedure 200
Logical Devices 200
I/0 redirection 201
Absolute Variables 203
Absolute Address Functions 204
Addr 204
Ofs 204
Seg 204
Cseg 205
Dseg 205
Sseg 205
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | ix |
Predefined Arrays 205
Mem Array 205
Port Array 206
With Statements 206
Pointer Related Items 206
MemAvail 206
Pointer Values 207
Assigning a Value to a Pointer 207
Obtaining The Value of a Pointer 207
DOS Function Calls 208
User Written I/0 Drivers 209
External Subprograms 210
In-line Machine Code 211
Interrupt Handling 214
Intr procedure 214
Internal Data Formats 216
Basic Data Types 216
Scalars 216
Reals 217
Strings 217
Sets 218
Pointers 218
Data Structures 219
Arrays 219
Records 219
Disk Files 220
File Interface Blocks 220
Random Access Files 221
Text Files 221
Parameters 221
Variable Parameters 223
Value Parameters 223
Scalars 223
Reals 223
Strings 223
Sets 224
Pointers 224
Arrays and Records 224
Function Results 224
The Heap and The Stacks 225
Memory Management 226
| x | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Chapter 21 CP/M-86 227
Compiler Options 227
Memory / Cmd file / cHn-file 227
Minimum Code Segment Size 228
Minimum Data Segment Size 229
Minimum Free Dynamic Memory 229
Maximum Free Dynamic Memory 229
Command Line Parameter 229
Find Runtime Error 229
Standard Identifiers 230
Chain and Execute 231
Overlays 233
OvrDrive Procedure 233
Files 235
File Names 235
Untyped files 235
Text Files 235
Buffer Size 235
Absolute Variables 236
Absolute Address Functions 237
Addr 237 237 237
Cseg 237
Dseg 238
Sseg 238
Predefined Arrays 238
Mem Array 238
Port Array 239
With Statements 239
Pointer Related Items 239
MemAvail 239
Pointer Values 239
Assigning a Value to a Pointer 240
Obtaining The Value of a Pointer 240
CP/M-86 Function Calls 240
User Written I/0 Drivers 241
External Subprograms 242
In-line Machine Code 243
Interrupt Handling 245
Intr procedure 245
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | xi |
Internal Data Formats 246
Basic Data Types 246
Scalars 247
Reals 247
Strings 248
Sets 248
Pointers 249
Data Structures 249
Arrays 249
Records 250
Disk Files 250
File Interface Blocks 250
Random Access Files 251
Text Files 252
Parameters 252
Variable Parameters 253
Value Parameters 253
Scalars 254
Reals 254
Strings 254
Sets 254
Pointers 254
Arrays and Records 254
Function Results 255
The Heap and The Stacks 255
Memory Management 256
Chapter 22 CP/M-80 259
eXecute Command 259
compiler Options 259
Memory / Com file / cHn-file 260
Start Address 261
End Address 261
Command Line Parameter 262
Find Runtime Error 262
Standard Identifiers 263
Chain and Execute 263
Overlays 265
OvrDrive Procedure 265
Files 267
File Names 267
Text Files 267
Absolute Vanables 267
Addr Function 268
| xii | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
Predefined Arrays 268
Mem Array 268
Port Array 269
Array Subscript Optimization 269
With Statements 269
Pointer Related Items 270
MemAvail 270
Pointers and Integers 270
CP/M Function Calls 271
Bdos procedure and function 271
BdosHL function 271
Bios procedure and function 272
BiosHL function 272
User Written I/0 Drivers 272
External Subprograms 274
In-line Machine Code 274
Interrupt Handling 277
Internal Data Formats 278
Basic Data Types 278
Scalars 278
Reals 278
Strings 279
Sets 279
File Interface Blocks 280
Pointers 281
Data Structures 281
Arrays 281
Records 282
Disk Files 282
Random Access Files 282
Text Files 283
Parameters 283
Variable Parameters 283
Value Parameters 283
Scalars 283
Reals 284
Strings 284
Sets 284
Pointers 285
Arrays and Records 285
Function Results 285
The Heap and The Stacks 286
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | xiii |
Memory Management 288
Memory Maps 288
Compilation in Memory 288
Compilation To Oisk 289
Execution in Memory 290
Execution of A Program File 291
Chapter 23 TURBO BCD PASCAL 293
Fifes On the TURBO BCD Pascal Distribution Diskette 293
BCD Range 293
Form function 294
Numeric Fields 294
String Fields 297
Writing BCD Reals 297
Formatted Writing 298
Internal Data Format 298
Chapter 24 TURBO-87 301
Files On the TURBO-87 Distribution Diskette 301
Writing 8087 Reals 302
Internal Data Format 302
Appendix A SUMMARY OF STANDARD
PROGEDURES AND FUNCTIONS 303
Input/Output Procedures and Functions 303
Arithmetic Functions 304
Scalar Functions 304
Transfer Functions 304
String Procedures and Functions 305
File Handling Routines 305
Heap Control Procedures and Functions 306
Screen Related Procedures and Functions 306
Miscellaneous Procedures and Functions 307
IBM PC Procedures and Functions 308
Basic Graphics, Windows, and Sound 308
Extended Graphics 309
Turtlegraphics 309
Appendix B SUMMARY OF OPERATORS 311
| xiv | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
IMPORTANT NOTICE 313
Common Compiler Directives 314
B - I/0 Mode Selection 314
C - Control C and S 314
I - I/0 Error Handling 314
I - Include Files 314
R - Index Range Check 315
V - Var-parameter Type Checking 315
U - User Interrupt 315
PC-DOS and MS-DOS Compiler Directives 316
G - Input File Buffer 316
P - Output File Buffer 316
D - Device Checking 316
F - Number of Open Files 317
PC-DOS, MS-DOS, and CP/M-86 Compiler Directive 317
K- Stack Checking 317
CP/M-80 Compiler Directives 318
A - Absolute Code 318
W - Nesting of With Statements 318
X - Array Optimization 318
Appendix D TURBO VS STANDARD PASCAL 319
Dynamic Variables 319
Recursion 319
Get and Put 319
Goto Statements 319
Page Procedure 320
Packed Variables 320
Procedural Parameters 320
Appendix E COMPILER ERROR MESSAGES 321
Appendix F RUN-TIME ERROR WIESSAGES 325
Appendix G I/0 ERROR MESSAGES 327
Appendix H TRANSLATING ERROR MESSAGES 329
Error Message File Listing , 330
appendix I TURBO SYNTAX 333
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | xv |
Appendix J ASCII TABLE 339
Appendix K KEYBOARD RETURN CODES 341 l
Appendix L INSTALLATION 345 l
Terminal Installation
IBM PC Display Selection
Non-IBM PC Installation
Editing Command Installation 350
Appendix M CP/M PRIMER 355
How to use TURBO on a CP/M system
Copying Your TURBO Disk
Using Your TURBO Disk
Appendix N HELPING! 357
Appendix O SUBJECT INDEX 363
| xvi | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |
1-1 Log-on Message 10
1-2 Main Menu 11
1-3 Installation Main Menu
1-4 Main Menu 14
1-5 Editor Status Line 19
15-1 Using Dispose , żż4
18-1 Principle of Overlay System 149
18-2 Largest Overlay Subprogram Loaded 150
18-3 Smaller Overlay Subprogram Loaded 151
18-4 Multiple Overlay Files 153
18-5 Nested Overlay Files , 154
19-1 Text Windows 169
19-2 Graphics Windows 170
19-3 Turtle Coordinates 178
19-4 Turtle Coordinates 183
20-1 TURBO Main Menu under DOS 20 187
20-2 Options Menu 190
20-3 Memory Usage Menu 191
20-4 Run-time Error Message 192
20-5 Find Run-time Error 192
21-1 Options Menu 227
21-2 Memory Usage Menu 228
21-3 Run-time Error Message 230
21-4 Find Run-time Error 230
22-1 Options Menu 260
22-2 Start and End Addresses 261
22-3 Run-time Error Message 262
22-4 Find Run-time Error 262
22-5 Memory map during compilation in memory 288
22-6 Memory map during compilation to a file 289
22-7 Memory map during execution in direct mode 290
22-8 Memory map during execution of a program file 291
L-1 IBM PC Screen Installation Menu 345
L-2 Terminal Installation Menu 346
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | xvii |
1-1 Editing Command Overview 21
14-1 Operation of EOLN and Eof 105
19-1 Text Mode Color Scale 161
19-2 High Resolution Graphics Color Scale 165
19-3 Color Palettes in Color Graphics 165
19-4 Color Palettes in B/W Graphics 166
19-5 Graphics Background Color Scale 167
19-6 IBM PC Keyboard Editing Keys 186
K-1 Keyboard Return Codes 343
L-1 Secondary Editing Commands 353
| xiv | TURBO Pascal Reference Manual |