Appendix A

PX-8 CONSOLE ESCAPE
SEQUENCES

The PX-8 uses a separate CPU to handle the console. Rather than have many calls to specific routines for particular console functions, the functions are ex- ecuted by sending a sequence of characters to the console. This appendix deals with the use of these command sequences. It is also possible to use certain AS- CII control codes. These are described in Appendix E.

The sequences involve the ESCAPE character ASCII code 27 decimal (1B in hexadecimal), followed by one or more characters, the values of which deter- mine the command to be carried out. In the remainder of this appendix the ESCAPE character is denoted by the letters "ESC". The ESC code would nor- mally be used as part of a machine code routine, by using the CONOUT rou- tine described in section 5.7.3, although they could also be input directly from the keyboard on the CP/M command line in many cases. Since it may be neces- sary to enter them from the keyboard, the key sequence is given where this is possible. The character sequence can also be executed as part of a BASIC PRINT statement. The BASIC MANUAL contains further information on using the sequences in BASIC programs. Not all the commands are supported in BASIC because they interact with the screen editor.

A-1

A-1 Alphabetic Table of Sequences

The following table shows an alphabetical list to enable the character sequence for each command to be found. Notes on the use of the commands and parameters are given in numerical order following the table. The numerical values are given in decimal and hexadecimal notation in the table and headings. 

Control Code Decimal Hexadecimal	Function

ESC "%"	27,37	1B,25	Access CGROM directly
ESC 243	27,243	1B,F3	Arrow key code
ESC 246	27,246	1B,F6	Buffer clear key
ESC 163	27,163	1B,A3	CAPS LED off
ESC 162 27,162	1B,A2	CAPS LED on
ESC "C" 27,67	1B,43	Character table
ESC 246	27,246	1B,F6	Clear key buffer
ESC "*"	27,42	1B,2A	Clear screen
ESC 245	27,245  1B,F5	CTRL key code
ESC 215 27,215	1B,D7	Cursor find
ESC 243	27,243	1B,F3	Cursor key code
ESC "2"	27,50   1B,32	Cursor off
ESC "3"	27,51   1B,33	Cursor on
ESC "="	27,61   1B,3D	Cursor position set
ESC 214	27,214  1B,D6	Cursor type select
ESC "P"	27,80	1B,50   Dump screen
ESC "T"	27,84	1B,54	Erase to end of line
ESC "Y"	27,89	1B,59	Erase to end of screen
ESC 210	27,210	1B,D2	Display characters on real screen
ESC 208	27,208	1B,D0	Display mode set
ESC 198	27,198	1B,C6	Dot line write
ESC 224	27,224	1B,E0	Download user defined character
ESC 213	27,213	1B,D5	End locate
ESC 215	27,215	1B,D7	Find cursor
ESC 176	27,176  1B,B0	Function key code returned
ESC 177	27,177  1B,B1   Function key string returned
ESC 211 27,211	1B,D3   Function key display select
ESC "C"	27,67	1B,43	International character sets
ESC 161 27,161	1B,A1	INS LED off
ESC 160	27,160	1B,A0	INS LED on

A-2 

Control Code Decimal Hexadecimal	Function

ESC 242	27,242	1B,F2	Key repeat interval time
ESC 240	27,240	1B,F0	Key repeat on/off
ESC 241	27,241	1B,F1	Key repeat start time
ESC 244	27,244	1B,F4	Key code scroll
ESC 247	27,247	1B,F7	Key shift set
ESC "T"	27,84	1B,54	Line erase
ESC 198	27,198	1B,C6	Line dot draw
ESC 213	27,213	1B,D5	Locate end of screen
ESC 212	27,212	1B,D4	Locate top of screen
ESC 125	27,125	1B,7D	Non secret
ESC 165	27,165	1B,A5	NUM LED off
ESC 164	27,164	1B,A4	NUM LED on
ESC 199	27,199	1B,C7	PSET/PRESET
ESC 242 27,242	1B F2	Repeat key interval time
ESC 240 27,240  1B,F0	Repeat on/off for keys
ESC 241	27,241	1B,F1	Repeat start time for keys
ESC "*"	27,42	1B,2A	Screen clear
ESC 151	27,151	1B 97	Screen down
ESC 209	27,209	1B,D1	Screen display select
ESC "P"	27,80	1B,50	Screen dump
ESC 213	27,213  1B,D5	Screen window end
ESC "Y"	27,89	1B,59	Screen erase
ESC 212	27,212	1B,D4	Screen window top
ESC 145	27,145	1B,91	Scroll down
ESC 244	27,244	1B,F4	Scroll key code
ESC 148	27,148	1B,94	Scroll step
ESC 149	27,149	1B,95	Scroll mode
ESC 144	27,144	1B,90	Scroll up
ESC 151	27,151	1B,97	Screen down n lines
ESC 150	27,150	1B,96	Screen up n lines
ESC 123	27,123	1B,7B	Secret mode
ESC 125	27,125	1B,7D	Secret mode cancel
ESC 214	27,124	1B,D6	Select cursor type
ESC 209	27,209	1B,D1	Select display screen
ESC 211	27,211	1B,D3	Select function key display
ESC 247	27,247	1B,F7	Shift key set
ESC 149	27,149	1B,95	Tracking mode
ESC 212	27,212	1B,D4	Top locate
ESC 224	27,224	1B,E0	User defined characters

A-3

A-2 Use of the ESCAPE Code Control Sequences

Where numeric codes must be given from the keyboard (shown as n or m in the escape sequence – these are ASCII codes) the key or key combination giv- ing that code can be found in the table in Appendix E. Some sequences cannot be obtained direct from the keyboard. Also some control codes (e.g. CTRL-M which is equivalent to pressing the RETURN key) will function normally and so terminate the input.

Example 1 ESC control sequence from the CP/M command line

The following example shows how to turn the cursor off and then back on again on the CP/M command line.

Press the ESC key followed by the number “2” then press the RETURN key.

The display will show:

A > ^ [2 RETURN
?

A>

with no cursor after the CP/M prompt. To make the cursor display return, type the ESC key followed by the number “3”. The question mark in either case means CP/M does not understand the command.

Example 2 The use of the CONOUT routine

The CONOUT routine (section 5.7.3) be used to execute the console ESC se- quences, for example to change the cursor to non flashing.

LD C.1BH
CALL CONOUT LD C. D6H
CALL CONOUT LD C. 01H
CALL CONOUT

A-4

A-3 The ESC Sequences

ESC "%"

Reads the character corresponding to the specified code from the character gener- ator ROM and displays it at the present cursor position in the currently select- ed screen (in the virtual screen for modes 0, 1, and 2, and in the real screen for mode 3). The sequence is as follows:

Keyboard ESC,%,n
Decimal 27,37,n
Hexadecimal 1B,25,n

The value of n is the ASCII code corresponding to the character to be displayed. This code cannot be obtained directly from the keyboard.

ESC "*"

Clears the currently selected screen and moves the cursor to the home position. The [CRL] key or [CTRL] - [L] performs the same function.

Keyboard ESC,*
Decimal 27,42
Hexadecimal 1B,2A

ESC "2"

Turns off display of the cursor. However, the cursor is still present even though it cannot actually be seen.

Keyboard ESC,2
Decimal 27,5,0
Hexadecimal 1B,32

The cursor can also be turned on and off by using the CONFIG program.

ESC "3"

Turns on the cursor.

Keyboard ESC,3
Decimal 27,51
Hexadecimal 1B,53

A-5

ESC "="

Moves the cursor to the specified position on the current screen. In the track-ing mode, the screen window is moved so that the cursor is positioned at the screen center if the position specified is outside the screen window. The track-ing mode is turned on and off by pressing the shift and SCRN keys together, or by using the sequence ESC 149. The sequence for moving the cursor is as follows:

Keyboard ESC,=,(m+31),(n+31)
Decimal 27,61,m+31,n+31
Hexadecimal 1B,3D,m+1F,n+1F

Here, m specifies the vertical cursor position and n specifies the horizontal po-sition. The value of n should be greater than 1 and less than the screen width in the particular screen mode being used. The value of m should be greater than 1 and less than the number of lines in the virtual screen.

ESC "C" < character > Used to select one of the nine international character sets as follows:

The < character > is a letter which corresponds to the character sets of one of the following countries. 

Keyboard	Decimal Hexadecimal

US ASCII ESC,C,U 27,67,85 1B,43,55
France   ESC,C,F 27,67,70 1B,43,46
Germany  ESC,C,G 27,67,71 1B,43,47 
England  ESC,C,E 27,67,69 1B,43,45 
Denmark  ESC,C,D 27,67,68 1B,43,441
Sweden   ESC,C,W 27,67,87 1B,43,57 
Italy    ESC,C,I 27,67,73 1B,43,49
Spain	 ESC,C,S 27,67,83 1B,43,53
Norway   ESC,C,N 27,67,78 1B,43,4E

This code sequence is equivalent to the BASIC OPTION COUNTRY command. The "country" option of the CONFIG progrm can also be used to change the full character set.

A-6

ESC "P"

In screen modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence outputs the contents of the screen window currently being displayed to a printer in ASCII format. In mode 3 it outputs the contents of the entire physical screen in bit image format. It duplicates the COPY command of BASIC or screen dump function obtained by pressing the CTRL and PF5 key.

Keyboard ESC,P
Decimal 27,80
Hexadecimal 1B,50

ESC "T"

Clears the line currently containing the cursor from its present position to the end of that logical line.

Keyboard ESC,T
Decimal 27,84
Hexadecimal 1B,54

ESC "Y"

Clears the screen from the current position of the cursor to the end of the screen.

Keyboard ESC, Y
Decimal 27,89
Hexadecimal 1B,59

ESC 123

Causes all characters to be displayed on the screen as blanks (the secret mode). The secret mode is not active in the System Display.

Keyboard ESC,[
Decimal 27,123
Hexadecimal 1B,7B

WARNING: You should make sure that a program returns the user to normal non- secret mode, for example with an error handling routine. If the user is placed in immediate mode and the secret mode is still active, it is impossi- ble to know what is happening. Also the reset button on the left of the

A-7

PX-8 must be pressed in order to see any printed output except for the clock on the MENU page and the System Display.

ESC 125 Terminates the secret mode.

Keyboard ESC A
Decimal 27,125
Hexadecimal 1B,7D

ESC 144

Scrolls (m - 1) lines starting at line (n+1) up one line so that line (n+ m - 1) becomes blank. This is done as follows:

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-U,(n - 1),(m)
Decimal 27,144,n - 1,m
Hexadecimal 1B,90,n - 1,m

Numbers specified for n and m must satisfy all of the following conditions.

0 =< (n - )1 < (R - 1)
1 =< m =< R
(n-1+m - 1) < R

Here, R is the number of virtual screen lines in mode 0, 1, or 2 and is the num-ber of screen window lines in mode 3.

ESC 145

Scrolls the (m – 1) lines starting at line n down one line so that line n becomes blank. This is done as follows:

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-I,(n – 1),(m)
Decimal 27,145,n – 1,m
Hexadecimal 1B,91,n – 1,m

Numbers specified for n and m must satisfy all of the following conditions:

A-8

0 =< (n - 1) =< (R - 1)
1 =< m < R
(n - 1 + m - 1) =< P

Here, R is the number of virtual screen lines in mode 0, 1, or 2 and is the num-ber of screen window lines in mode 3.

ESC 148

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence sets the number of lines n which are moved by one scrolling operation. The actual scrolling is carried out by print-ing an ESC 150 sequence. The number of lines are set up using the following sequence:

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-@,(n)
Decimal 27,148,n
Hexadecimal 1B,94,n The number specified for n must be greater than 1 and less than the number of lines in the screen window. This escape sequence does nothing in mode 3.

ESC 149

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence determines whether scrolling is per-formed automatically. The automatic scrolling mode is referred to as the tracking mode, and the mode in which automatic scrolling is not performed is referred to as the non-tracking mode. The tracking mode is used unless otherwise speci-fied. The escape sequence for determining the tracking mode is as follows:

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-K,CTRL-@ for tracking mode
ESC,GRPH-K,CTRL-A for non-tracking mode
Decimal 27,149,0 or 1 Hexadecimal 1B,95,0 or 1

In this sequence, < mode > is specified as either 0 or 1. The tracking mode is selected when 0 is specified, and the non-tracking mode is selected when 1 is specified.

Normally the ΏSCRI4 key or CONFIG command can be used to switch between the tracking and non-tracking modes.

A-9

ESC 150

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence displays the contents of the virtual screen containing the cursor after moving the screen window up n lines where n is the value specified by ESC 148, or 1 if ESC 148 has not been executed. If scrolling the screen up n lines would move the screen window beyond.the home position, the virtual screen is displayed starting at the home position. The cursor remains in its original position in the virtual screen.

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-V
Decimal 27,150
Hexadecimal 1B,96

ESC 151

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence displays the contents of the virtual screen containing the cursor after moving the screen window down n lines, where n is the value specified by ESC 148, or 1 if ESC 148 has not been executed. If scrolling the screen down n lines would move the screen window beyond the end of the virtual screen, the screen window is positioned so that the virtual screen’s last line is displayed in the last line of the screen window. The cursor remains in its original position in the virtual screen.

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-,(comma)
Decimal 27,151
Hexadecimal 1B,97

ESC 160

Lights the INS LED. It does not put the user in insert mode.

Decimal 27,160
Hexadecimal 1B,AO

ESC 161 Turns off the INS LED.

Decimal 27,161
Hexadecimal 1B,A1

ESC 162 Lights the CAPS LED. It does not set the caps lock key to the on position.

A-10

Decimal 27,162
Hexadecimal 1B,A2

ESC 163 Turns off the CAPS LED.

Decimal 27,163
Hexadecimal 1B,A3

ESC 164 Lights the NUM LED, but does not set the numeric keypad.

Decimal 27,164
Hexadecimal 1B,A4

ESC 165 Turns off the NUM LED.

Decimal 27,165
Hexadecimal 1B,A5

ESC 176

Returns the key codes of the programmable function keys, and disable the string printed by them. (from E0 to E9)

Decimal 27,176
Hexadecimal 1B,BO

hex2PFs

ESC CHR$(177)

This ESC code re-enables the programmable function keys so that a string is printed when they are pressed.

ESC 198

In mode 3, this escape sequence draws a line on the graphic screen using the

A-11

dot pattern specified by the user. No operation is performed when this sequence is executed modes 0, 1, or 2. The elements of the sequence are as follows:

Byte 1: Decimal 27 Hexadecimal 1B
Byte 2: Decimal 198 Hexadecimal C6
Byte 3: High byte of horizontal starting position
Byte 4: Low byte of horizontal starting position
Byte 5: High byte of vertical starting position
Byte 6: Low byte of vertical starting position
Byte 7: High byte of horizontal ending position
Byte 8: Low byte of horizontal ending position
Byte 9: High byte of vertical ending position
Byte 10: Low byte of vertical ending position
Byte 11: First byte of mask pattern
Byte 12: Second byte of mask pattern
Byte 13: Function

The starting and ending positions are specified as two-byte hexadecimal num-bers which indicate co-ordinates in the graphic screen. For example, starting co-ordinates of 400,20 (&H0190,&H0014) would be specified as follows:

Byte 3: 1 (&H01)
Byte 4: 144 (&H90)
Byte 5: 0 (&H00)
Byte 6: 20 (&H14)

The mask pattern used for drawing the line is specified in bit image format as described in the explanation of the LINE statement in Chapter 4 of the PX-8 BASIC Manual. Calculations for diagonal lines are performed automatically. Function is specified as a number from 1 to 3 with the following meanings:

1: OFF
2: ON
3: Complement

Dot positions corresponding to “1” bits in the mask pattern are re-set (turned off) when 1 is specified for the function and are set (turned on) when 2 is speci-fied. When 3 is specified, the complements of dots corresponding to “1” bits are displayed (ON dots corresponding to “1” bits are turned off, and OFF dots are turned on).

A-12

An example of specification of this sequence as follows draws a line from point (400,18) of the screen to point (18,18):

Decimal 27,198,1,144,0,18,0,18,0,18,170,170,2
Hexadecimal 1B,C6,1,90,0,12,0,12,0,12,AA,AA,2

This command duplicates the LINE command of BASIC, but also allows the dots to be inverted (i.e. switch them on if they are off and vice versa), which LINE does not.

ESC 199

This escape sequence sets or re-sets the specified points of the graphic screen. No operation is performed if this sequence is executed in modes 0, 1, or 2..The sequence consists of six bytes as follows:

Byte 1: Decimal 27 Hexadecimal 1B
Byte 2: Decimal 199 Hexadecimal C7
Byte 3: Function code (1: PSET, 0: PRESET)
Byte 4: Vertical dot position – nl
Byte 5: High byte of horizontal dot position – n2
Byte 6: Low byte of horizontal dot position

Numbers specified for n1 and n2 must be in the following ranges:

Decimal 0<n1<63, 0<n2<479
Hexadecimal 0 < n1 < 3F, 0 < n2 < 1DF

ESC 208

Switches the display mode. Mode specification is as follows:
Dec Hex Dec Hex
Mode 0 Mode 2
Byte 1:271BByte 1:271B
Byte 2:208DO Byte 2:208DO
Byte 3:22 Byte 3:22
Byte 4:n1n1Byte 4:n1n1
Byte 5:n2n2Byte 5:mm
Byte 6:pp
Mode 1Mode 3
Byte 1:271B Byte 1:27 1B
Byte 2:208DOByte 2:208 DO
Byte 3:11Byte 3:33
Byte 4:n1n1

A-13

The meanings of n1, n2, m, and p are as follows:

nl Number of lines in virtual screen 1
n2 Number of lines in virtual screen 2
m Number of columns in virtual screen 1
p ASCII code corresponding to desired boundary character

The following sequence selects screen mode 2, sets the number of lines in virtu-al screen 1 to 10, the number of columns to 20 and “#” as the boundary character.

Decimal 27,208,2,10,20,35
Hexadecimal 1B, DO,2,A,14,23

ESC 209

In modes 0, 1, or 2 this escape sequence specifies which of the two virtual screens is to be displayed. The operation is performed if this sequence is executed in mode 3. This is done as follows:

Decimal 27,209,n
Hexadecimal 1B,D1,n

The first virtual screen is selected when 0 is specified for n, and the second vir-tual screen is selected when 1 is specified for n. If the third byte is not specified the default is 0.

ESC 210

Displays the specified character in the specified position on the real screen. This is done as follows:

Decimal 27,210,x,y,p
Hexadecimal 1B,D2,x,y,p

The meanings of x, y and p are as follows:

x Vertical position (1 to 8)
y Horizontal position (1 to 80 decimal, 1 to 50 hexadecimal)
p ASCII character code of the Character Generator ROM

This sequence makes it possible to output characters to any location in the real

A-14

screen, regardless of the position of the cursor or number of lines in the screen window.

ESC 211

Turns on or off display of function key definitions. This is done as follows:

Decimal 27,211,n
Hexadecimal 1B,D3,n

Function key definitions are displayed when 0 is specified for n, and are not displayed when 1 is specified. The default value is l.

ESC 212

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence moves the screen window to the top of the virtual screen containing the cursor. No operation is performed if this sequence is executed in mode 3. The position of the cursor remains unchanged.

Decimal 27,212
Hexadecimal 1B,D4

ESC 213

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence moves the screen window to the end of the virtual screen containing the cursor. No operation is performed it his sequence is executed in mode 3. The position of the cursor remains unchanged.

Decimal 27,213
Hexadecimal 1B,D5

ESC 214

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence selects the type of cursor to be dis-played. In mode 3 always cursor type 3 is selected. The sequence consists of three bytes as follows:

Byte 1: Decimal 27 Hexadecimal 1B
Byte 2: Decimal 214 Hexadecimal D6
Byte 3: nHere, n specifies the type of cursor displayed as follows:

A-15

0 Block cursor, blink
1 Block cursor, non-blinking
2 Underline cursor, blink
3 Underline cursor, non-blinking

ESC 215

In modes 0, 1, and 2 this escape sequence moves the screen window to the posi-tion occupied by the cursor. This sequence does nothing if executed in mode 3. The screen window is positioned so that the cursor is located near its centre.

Decimal 27,215
Hexadecimal 1B,D7

ESC 224

This escape sequence defines those characters corresponding to ASCII codes 224 (&HEO) to 254 (&HFE). This sequence consists of eleven bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: GRPH-0 224 EO
Byte 3: Character code
Byte 4: Pattern for dot row 1
Byte 5: Pattern for dot row 2
Byte 6: Pattern for dot row 3
Byte 7: Pattern for dot row 4
Byte 8: Pattern for dot row 5
Byte 9: Pattern for dot row 6
Byte 10: Pattern for dot row 7
Byte 11: Pattern for dot row 8

The pattern making up each dot row is specified as the ASCII code equivalent of the binary number whose "1" bits correspond to dots which are turned on, and whose "0" bits correspond to dots which are turned off. For example, specifying 63 (where 63 is the decimal equivalent of 00111111B) for byte 4 causes all dots in dot row one to be turned on when the character code specified in byte 3 is displayed; conversely, specifying 0 (00000000) causes all dots in the applicable row to be turned off.

A sample definition for character code 230 is shown below:

A-16

Keyboard ESC,GRPH-O,GRPH-6,CTRL-L,CTRL-L, CTRL-^,?,CTRL-L, CTRL-R, CTRL-0, CTRL-@
Decimal 27,224,230,12,12,30,63,12,18,0,0
Hexadecimal 1B,EO,E6,C,C,1E,3F,C,12,0,0

The altered code can be seen by pressing GRPH-6.

ESC 240

Controls the key repeat function. This sequence consists of three bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-0 240 F0
Byte 3: (n) n n

If 0 is specified for n, the repeat function is turned off. If 1 is specified, it is turned on.

ESC 241

Sets the starting time for the key repeat function. The sequence consists of three bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-1 241 F1
Byte 3: (n) n n

The repeat function starting time is equal to n/64 seconds where n is a number from 1 to 127 (decimal) or 1 to 7F (hexadecimal).

ESC 242

Sets the duration of the key repeat interval. This sequence consists of three bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-2 242 F2
Byte 3: (n) n n

The key repeat interval is equal to n/256 seconds, where n is a number from 1 to 127 (decimal) or 1 to 7F (hexadecimal).

A-17

ESC 243

Sets the arrow key codes. This sequence consists of six bytes as follows:

1B F3
Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27
Byte 2: CTRL-3 243
Byte 3: Code for
Byte 4: Code for
Byte 5: Code for
Byte 6: Code for

ESC 244

Sets the SHIFT + arrow key codes. This sequence consists of six bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-4 244 F4
Byte 3: Code for SHIFT +
Byte 4: Code for SHIFT +
Byte 5: Code for SHIFT +
Byte 6: Code for SHIFT +

ESC 245

Sets the CTRL + arrow key codes. This sequence consists of six bytes as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-5 245 F5
Byte 3: Code for CTRL +
Byte 4: Code for CTRL +
Byte 5: Code for CTRL +
Byte 6: Code for CTRL +

For further details of the arrow code setting see the OS Reference Manual.

ESC 246

Clears the keyboard buffer of all unprocessed input characters.

A-18

Keyboard ESC, CTRL-6
Decimal 27,246
Hexadecimal 1B,F6

ESC 247

The ESC 247 code allows the programmer to switch the various shift keys on and off. Thus the numeric key pad can be set on, or the shift key ‘held down’. The key state is set to normal by the user pressing the appropriate key, so it is advisable to program with the possiblity in mind that the key may be reset outside program control.

The sequence of characters is as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal
Byte 1: ESC 27 1B
Byte 2: CTRL-7 247 F7
Byte 3: (n) n n

Numbers which may be specified for n and their meanings are as follows:

Keyboard Decimal Hexadecimal Shift state
CTRL-@ 0 0 Normal
CTRL-B 2 2 SHIFT
CTRL-D 4 4 CAPS LOCK
CTRL-F 6 6 CAPS LOCK SHIFT
CTRL-P 16 10 NUM
CTRL-R 18 12 Numeric SHIFT
SPACE 32 20 GRPH
" 34 22 GRPH SHIFT
@ 64 40 CTRL
B 66 42 CTRL SHIFT

This sequence does nothing if numbers other than those above are specified for n.

A-19